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The Zong: A Massacre, the Law and the End of Slavery, by James Walvin
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On November 29, 1781, Captain Collingwood of the British ship Zong commanded his crew to throw overboard one-third of his cargo: a shipment of Africans bound for slavery in America. The captain believed his ship was off course, and he feared there was not enough drinking water to last until landfall. This book is the first to examine in detail the deplorable killings on the Zong, the lawsuit that ensued, how the murder of 132 slaves affected debates about slavery, and the way we remember the infamous Zong today.
Historian James Walvin explores all aspects of the Zong’s voyage and the subsequent trial—a case brought to court not for the murder of the slaves but as a suit against the insurers who denied the owners’ claim that their “cargo” had been necessarily jettisoned. The scandalous case prompted wide debate and fueled Britain’s awakening abolition movement. Without the episode of the Zong, Walvin contends, the process of ending the slave trade would have taken an entirely different moral and political trajectory. He concludes with a fascinating discussion of how the case of the Zong, though unique in the history of slave ships, has come to be understood as typical of life on all such ships.
- Sales Rank: #1066154 in Books
- Published on: 2011-10-18
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 8.78" h x 1.06" w x 5.89" l, 1.12 pounds
- Binding: Hardcover
- 304 pages
About the Author
James Walvin is professor emeritus, University of York, and a world authority on transatlantic slavery. Among his many previous books are Black Ivory: Slavery in the British Empire and The Trader, The Owner, The Slave: Parallel Lives in the Age of Slavery. He lives in York, UK.
Most helpful customer reviews
8 of 8 people found the following review helpful.
The Horrors of the Black Holocaust
By Paul Gelman
Professor James Walvin has written a shocking book on one episode of many in the annals of slavery, namely about an event which took place towards the end of the eighteenth century. The Black Holocaust was thought about, planned and executed by the greedy, immoral and corrupt merchants of human bodies and its inception and implementation were to be found in Africa and the slave ships which were bound for the West. More than 12 million blacks were deported and enslaved in the USA, while many more millions were sent to other places in the Western Hemisphere to work in the tobacco and sugar plantations. Water was especially important on a slave ship, because of the hard conditions which were a part of any voyage, particularly when those ships were packed and crammed with hundreds of Africans in a crowded, dehydrating and suffocating environment. The final destination of the Zong was Jamaica.
Any slave voyage which started from the Africa entailed horror stories and the story of "The Zong" is just one minor example. The more a slave ship was at sea, the more difficult the human problems on board. In the case described here, Captain Collingwood who was in charge, decided that there would not be enough water on his ship for everyone, so he decided to throw one-third of his human cargo into the sea. In other words, he and others were responsible for the murder of 132 slaves.
As Walvin writes, "the killings took place in small, manageable batches. The men were thrown overboard 'handcuffed and in Irons'", while a further thirty-six Africans died before reaching Jamaica. The Gregson syndicate, which owned the ship, did not see this as a disaster, and it decided to turn the loss of life into a profitable trade by claiming on the ship's insurance for the Africans murdered at sea".
The rest of the book is about this point, particularly about the legal debate brought to court because the insurers denied the owners' claims that their cargo had been necessarily disposed of. The key players in this legal battle were Lord Chief Mansfield and Granville Sharp. The latter (and other abolitionists) campaigned against the crew and the owners of the ship both inside and outside the courts, and tried to bring murder charges against the men involved, while Lord Mansfield, who was considered the father of English commercial law, made comments and a decision which not only entered legal history. The whole affair was brought to public attention on March 6 1782, after the ship's mate, James Kelsall, admitted that he had helped throw the Africans over board, 'by the Captain's order, which he thought was to him a sufficient warrant for doing any possible thing, without considering whether it was criminal or not' '. This report, which made was published by an English news paper, stated that a mass murder had taken place on a Brtish ship and, secondly, the men who committed the killings and the shipowners had not only gotten away with the killings, but had even profited from them by successfully claiming against their insurers.
Professor Walvin used of newly discovered documents and legal transcripts in various archives both in Britain and Jamaica and has written an outstanding, frightening and brilliant book about an episode which was instrumental in opening the eyes of the British public to the realities of the slave ships and the terrible conditions under which those slaves were depoerted and made their way to their respective destinations. To use Walvin's words, " The Zong affair helped spark a seismic shift in public mood". Now slavery was an issue which made its way from the elite to the wider public.
The result of this case and many other similar ones coalesced into a massive public denunciation which caused the slavery issue to be doomed. True, the Act of 1807 did not end the Atlantic slave trade." Nor did it stop Zong-like atrocities against Africans on ships. It was recognized that there were plenty of other Europeans-notably the French, Spanish and Portuguese (to say nothing of Brazilian and Cuban traders)-who were keen to continue slave trading in the Atlantic, whatever the risks". After 1807, 2.8 million Africans were loaded on to Atlantic slave ships, of whom 2.5 Africans survived to landfall in the Americas. Incidents like those which happened with the Zong were to be found in the 1820s and 1830s, because Africans were cargo and not human beings. The irony is that had Gregson not gone to court, the whole story might have never been exposed, not even to legal scrutiny or to the large public. This case helped expose the full complexity and extent of British involvement in the Atlantic slave trade system and was a milestone in ending of this Black Holocaust.
4 of 4 people found the following review helpful.
Mass Murder of Slaves at Sea
By Ronald H. Clark
This is quite an interesting and informative book about a horrible mass murder aboard a slave ship in 1781. But it goes beyond the tragic event itself to discuss the later legal case and its eventual impact on the end of slavery in Britain. The author is one of the leading experts on the transatlantic slave trade, whose 30 previous books have provided him with a tremendous background for examining this episode.
The Zong was a slave ship that during a 1781 voyage threw over the side, to their grisly deaths, several hundred slaves, ostensibly because a shortage of water necessitated such action if the remaining Africans and the crew were to survive. To place this event in context, the author offers a very interesting and concise discussion of the transatlantic slave trade. This is the first bonus of the book. The immense profitability of this trade, largely out of Liverpool, was based on first obtaining slaves in Africa, then heading to the Caribbean or America, delivering and selling "the cargo," and then loading up with a valuable commodity (often sugar) for the return voyage. The numbers of Africans thus transported was enormous, exceeding a million. The conditions under which the trade was conducted were horrible for everyone involved; for example, by 1807, 20,000 slave ship crew members had died.
The truly bizarre dimension of the Zong story is that the owners of the Zong demanded that their insurers make good their losses under their insurance policies. The insurers fought this request in court where there was no consideration of the evil of these murders, but rather the issue was whether "the cargo's" loss had been appropriately "jettisoned" within the provisions of the the insurance contracts. Eventually, the shipowners were held to be entitled to 30 pounds payment for each of 130 Africans.
The case was appealed and heard before Lord Chief Justice Mansfield, engaged in a life-long project of upgrading English common law by injecting into it significant concepts from commercial practice. Facing Mansfield was Granville Sharp who had dedicated his life to fighting slavery. Mansfield did not want to upset the commercial practice of the slave trade, even though in the Somerset case (where Sharp was also involved) he had outlawed slavery in England and Wales in 1772. The case was sent back for retrial--but it never happened so that, in effect, the initial decision controlled.
What effect this litigation had on the eventual termination of the British transatlantic slave trade (in 1807)is the final focus of the book. Basically, this horrible event did open the eyes of the British public to the grisly nature of the slave trade and helped eventually to pave the way for its termination. But that development took a very long time. So, there are many bonuses in this fine book and it is well worth the attention of anyone interested in the slave trade and the role of the law in implementing and, eventually, destroying it.
2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
Brilliant review of both the slave trade and abolition
By Mark A. Ryniker
I found this book fascinating. Little did I know that Liverpool was built out of the slave trade. Powerful story of the movement to end a great inhumanity.
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